The Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder

The Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder-BD- is one of the mental health conditions that pose serious clinical challenges today. Handling a person suffering from BD can be quite tricky given that the condition causes fluctuations in mood swings; one minute, a person with BD is full of energy and the next minute, he/she becomes very depressed, feeling hopeless and suddenly losing interest in almost all activities (Muneer, 2016). These shifts in mood can make the person unable to sleep well and think clearly.

Another thing that makes BD a complicated condition is that it is not known what exactly causes it. However, psychiatrists have identified a number of factors that could cause development of bipolar disorder. The first factor is genetics: it has been established that there are high chances of a person developing BD if one of their parents, brothers or sisters has the condition (Mayo Clinic, 2021). BD may also be triggered by intense stress and traumatic events, as well as overuse of drugs or alcohol (Bhandari, 2021).

Bipolar disorder is also believed to be caused by biological factors. According to the Mayo Clinic (2021), people suffering from bipolar disorder typically seem to have brain changes. More specifically, it is believed that BD partly develops due to problems in the way brain chemicals, called neurotransmitters, function. The key neurotransmitters that are involved in BD are norepinephrine together with serotonin. Serotonin is responsible for important bodily functions like sleep and memory. This means that if brain circuits involving serotonin are not functioning well, mood disorders such as BD develop (Bhandari, 2021).

Having said that BD involves mood swings, it follows that the condition involves significant changes in brain structure. These changes are usually seen when the patient is in depression where memory changes, ability to concentrate goes down, and the person cannot make decisions properly (Clark & Sahakian, 2008). BD causes specific parts of the brain, namely the amygdala to enlarge while the pituitary, frontal lobe, and cerebellum also change. These parts play a very important role in the way the body functions, meaning when they change, the body’s functioning is also affected.

References

Bhandari, S. (2021). Causes of bipolar disorder. https://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/guide/bipolar-disorder-causes

Clark, L., & Sahakian, B. J. (2008). Cognitive neuroscience and brain imaging in bipolar disorder. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 10(2), 153.

Mayo Clinic. (2021). Bipolar disorder. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355955

Muneer, A. (2016). The neurobiology of bipolar disorder: an integrated approach. Chonnam Medical Journal, 52(1), 18-37.

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