Francisco de Goya’s The Third of May (1815-1816)
The Third of May, 1808 is ant-war history panting created by Francisco de Goya to commemorate the massacre of Spanish freedom fighters by the French. The painting is in oil on canvas. It depicts the arrest and bloody executions of Spanish rebels (Cunningham, Reich, & Fichner-Rathus, 2015). There are no brave acts to be proud of other than the condemned victims standing before a faceless French firing squad.
The painting shows a faceless French firing squad taking aim at the victims. They are rendered faceless, inhumane, and merciless. The diagonal line of firing squad pressing in is dramatic (Arn, 2019). The soldiers aim the rifles as a strong horizontal at the man in white. To the left of the portrait are victims facing untimely death. Their heads are bowed and some have covered their eyes due to intense fear of impending death. Then there is a central figure in white that demands the attention of the viewers. This figure is dressed in white glowing gown and holds out his hands in submission in reference to the crucified Christ. He symbolizes the country defeated, a heroic martyr (Arn, 2019). On the ground is a pile of dead bodies lie streaming blood. The terror of the victims, the blood streaming in the dust and executions all blend to produce unbearable image of revolt against human brutality.
Like his other paintings, Goy employs loose brushwork, dramatic chiaroscuro lighting, and blazing color to emphasize the realistic landscape (Cunningham et al., 2015). The painting symbolizes universal suffering in the face of military oppression. Through the painting, Goya shares his emotions of war. He seems to condemn the atrocities of war. In addition, Goya expressed a hared of tyranny and sympathy with the victims. The painting changed the way people look at war. The Third of May inspired Pablo Picasso’s Massacre in Korea and Manet’s The Execution of Maximilian, which criticize war and military interventions around the world.
References
Arn, J. (2019). How Goya’s “Third of May” Forever Changed the Way We Look at War. https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-goyas-third-may-forever-changed-way-war
Cunningham, L. S., Reich, J.J, Fichner-Rathus, L. (2015). Culture and Values: A Survey of the Western Humanities, Volume 2, Volume 2. New York: CENGAGE Learning.
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