Gender stereotype
Introduction
In the U.S, whereas considerable strides have been made towards achieving gender equality; gender stereotyping has still persisted, albeit in a smaller magnitude. Gender stereotyping is defined by Hentschel et al. (2019) as the as the preconceived ideas and beliefs that people hold towards gender roles and attitudes towards male and female. This paper examines three studies on gender stereotyping to understand how genders stereotypes have changed over time.
Study: 1
The Multiple Dimensions of Gender Stereotypes: A Current Look at Men’s and Women’s Characterizations of Others and Themselves.
The research focused on examining how male and female viewed each other and themselves with regard to agency and communality. Agency is defined as the focus on individual accomplishments, which communality is based on the focus on group achievement and establishment of relationships with other people. The research collected information from 629 participants with 39% male and 61% female in the U.S (Hentschel et al., 2019).
The research found out that gender stereotypes was still persistent in American society. From the study, male were more stereotyping with regard to the issue of agency, the commitment for personal achievement, as compared to women. Women also viewed other women as less assertive, which meant low rating on agency. On other hand, the study shows that both men and women rated women higher based on communality
Study: 2
Gender Stereotypes in Science Education: Resources: A Visual Content Analysis
The research centered on examining the gender presentation in science education based on visual content analysis. According to the research, the number of men and women in science fields could provide an understanding of gender stereotyping in the society (Kerkhoven et al., 2016).
From the analysis, based on the visual content analysis, it was found that there were more men studying and working in science related fields. The online science education resources showed that the over presentation of men in science is a sign of a persistence of stereotyping of women (Kerkhoven et al., 2016).
Study 3
The times they are a-changing… or are they not? A comparison of gender stereotypes, 1983–2014.
The study focused on examining the extent to which people still held gender stereotypes. The research was based on the previous study of 1983 and compared it with the information gather from another study of 2014, where a sample size of 195 people where questioned. The 2014 sample contained 52.4% women and 47% men (Haines et al., 2016).
The results showed that in 1983, stereotyping was prevalence with regards to characterization and social roles. In 2014, the research showed that stereotyping was still prevalent although it has significantly reduced (Haines et al., 2016). The movement towards similar roles, and change in behavior between men and women, the stereotypes has persisted.
Change in gender stereotype of 30 years
Over a period of 30years, gender stereotyping in the society has considerably reduced characterized with the increase in social status of women in the society. Within a period of 30 years, there has been a high increase in the presentation of women in leadership and in workplace (Haines et al., 2016). Women have also embraced roles that were traditionally associated with men such as engineering and science related courses. Gender pay gap has also significantly reduced where women now earn only 20% less than men compared to 50% 30 years ago. The improvement in gender equality has been contributed by the push by women movements which have influenced lawmakers to continued creating policies and laws and that promote equity in the society (Cornwall & Rivas, 2015).
Conclusion
From the studies analyzed above, it is clear that gender stereotyping has still persisted. Women have still remained on the receiving end where society has continued to hold negative belief shaped by the social and cultural aspects on women. However, within a period of 30 years, equality in the U.S has significantly improved, evidenced by reduction in gender pay gap and increase in women in traditionally male dominated fields such as engineering.
References
Cornwall, A., & Rivas, A. M. (2015). From ‘gender equality and ‘women’s empowerment’to global justice: reclaiming a transformative agenda for gender and development. Third World Quarterly, 36(2), 396-415.
Haines, E. L., Deaux, K., & Lofaro, N. (2016). The times they are a-changing… or are they not? A comparison of gender stereotypes, 1983–2014. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(3), 353-363.
Hentschel, T., Heilman, M. E., & Peus, C. V. (2019). The Multiple Dimensions of Gender Stereotypes: A Current Look at Men’s and Women’s Characterizations of Others and Themselves. Frontiers in psychology, 10.
Kerkhoven, A. H., Russo, P., Land-Zandstra, A. M., Saxena, A., & Rodenburg, F. J. (2016). Gender stereotypes in science education resources: A visual content analysis. PloS one, 11(11), e0165037.
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