Different Methods of Evaluating Evidence, Compare and Contrast
Literature Evaluation Table
| Criteria | Article 1 | Article 2 | Article 3 | Article 4 | |
| Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and Permalink or Working Link to Access Article | Author(s): Patrick O’Donnell, Edel Tierney, Austin O’Carroll, Diane Nurse, and Anne MacFarlane Journal: International Journal for Equity in Health Permalink: https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-016-0487-5 | Author(s): Paula Braveman, Elaine Arkin, Tracy Orleans, Dwayne Proctor,Julia Acker, and Alonzo Plough. Journal: Behavioral Science & Policy Permalink: https://behavioralpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/What-is-Health-Equity.pdf | Autho (s): Leo Lopez III, Louis H. Hart III, and Mitchell H. Katz. Journal: Journal of the American Medical Association Permalink: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2775687 | Author(s): Foster Osei Baah, Anne M. Teitelman, and Barbara Riegel. Journal: Nursing Inquiry Permalink: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6342665/ | |
| Article Title and Year Published | Title: Exploring levers and barriers to accessing primary care for marginalized groups and identifying their priorities for primary care provision: a participatory learning and action research study. Year Published: 2016 | Title: What is health equity? Year Published: 2018 | Title: Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities Related to COVID-19. Year Published: 2021 | Title: Marginalization: Conceptualizing patient vulnerabilities in the framework of social determinants of health – An integrative review Year Published: 2019 | |
| Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative), and Purposes/Aim of Study | Aim: The aim of the study was to determine how best marginalized groups could be involved in developing primacy care services through incorporation of their views on health priorities. Research Question: This study sought to answer the question on what hinders marginalized populations from accessing primary care services, and their priorities on the same. | Aim: The aim of the study was to come up with a carefully crafted definition of the concept of health equity. Hypothesis: The study was based on the understanding that lack of consensus about the meaning of health equity is a hindrance to effective action by policy makers. | Aim: The article sought to examine the disproportionate harm of the coronavirus disease on the marginalized groups of the United States. Hypothesis: Black, Asian, Hispanic, and other racial or ethnic minorities experience higher infection and death rates than the whites. | Purpose: The current study aimed at integrating various forms of literature pertaining to marginalization, and basing the concept on the social determinants of human health. Research Question: The study sought to answer the question on the relationship between social determinants of health and the health disparities in terms of the burden of chronic disease among disparate populations. | |
| Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative) | Qualitative | Mixed, quantitative and qualitative. | Mixed, quantitative and qualitative. | Mixed, quantitative and qualitative. | |
| Setting/Sample | Setting: The study was conducted in Limerick City, Ireland. Sample: 21 participants from different marginalized groups were engaged during the study. | Not specified. | Setting: Literature that has information on ethnic and racial health disparities in the United Stated due to COVID-19. Sample: Not specified. | Setting: Literature containing information on the social determinants of health among marginalized communities. Sample: Out of the 1,781 articles that were retrieved, only 33 were included in the review. | |
| Methods: Intervention/Instruments | Method: A participatory learning and action (PLA) research. Data was collected using focus group discussions. | Method: A review of literature on health equity. | Method: Review and analysis of the available literature that is relevant to the topic of study. | Method: An integrative review was conducted. Both non-experimental and experimental studies were considered for inclusion. The retrieved articles were first reviewed using their abstracts. After this, articles were then screened based on their conceptual and operational definitions of marginalization, and their relevance. | |
| Analysis | Facilitators and barriers to access of primary healthcare were explored using PLA techniques. | Health equity was conceptualized in terms of what can be done in order to achieve it. | The researchers examined the exacerbation of the socio-economic conditions of various racial groups during this COVID-19 era. | The review was guided by intersectionality theory which states that marginalities tend to be mutually inclusive, and that they need to be conceptualized together. Using the theory, race, gender, class, nation, ethnicity, sexuality, age, and other factors were considered as entities that were mutually exclusive. | |
| Key Findings | From the findings of the study, it was established that marginalized groups have both structural and personal barriers to primary healthcare access. It was also found that the groups shared certain priorities that need t be considered in planning their primary care. | From the results of this study, it was found that healthy equity can be achieved through reduction of health disparities by way of enhancing the health of the groups that are socially disadvantaged. It was also established that there is need to address the social determinants of various health disparities. | The findings of the study showed that in the United States, disease outcome disparities are due to the ethnic, racial, and socio-economic status of the affected groups. COVID-19 has only helped to emphasize the fact that these disparities need to be dealt with due to their deadliness. | From the findings of this study, it was found that associating marginalization with various social determinants of health is helpful in understanding chronic disease disparities and health care delivery inequities among the groups considered to be vulnerable. | |
| Recommendations | Using the results and findings of this study, the researchers recommended that it is necessary to devise innovative ways through which the marginalized groups’ access to primary care could be improved. | Based on the study’s findings, it was recommended that there is need to clearly understand the actual meaning of health equity before thinking on how to promote the health of a given group. | The study recommended that future federal legislations on COVID-19 should focus on addressing disparities in terms of accessing both health care services and health education. | It was recommended that marginalization should not be conceptualized as an abstract concept. It should rather be treated as a serious force that perpetuates the negative health outcomes experienced by vulnerable populations. | |
| Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone Project | This article supports the capstone project by showing the importance of understanding marginalized populations’ access to primary care, and the priorities they have. | The article is useful to the capstone project since it provides information on the importance of understanding the aspect of health equity from the perspective of marginalized groups. | The article is helpful to the project because of the information it contains about the health disparities marginalized groups face as a result of the impact of coronavirus disease. | The article supports the project by demonstrating that marginalization is a significant factor that influences vulnerable populations’ social determinants of health. |
| Criteria | Article 5 | Article 6 | Article 7 | Article 8 | |
| Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and Permalink or Working Link to Access Article | Author(s): Frank Pega, Nicole B Valentine, Kumanan Rasanathan, Ahmad R Hosseinpoor, Tone P Torgersen, Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Tipicha Posayanonda, Nathalie Röbbel,a Yassine Kalboussi, David H Rehkopf, Carlos Dora, Eugenio R Villar Montesinosa, and Maria P Neira Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Permalink: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.16.184622 | Author(s): Fiona Robards, Melissa Kang, Tim Usherwood, and Lena Sanci. Journal: Journal of Adolescent Health. Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.018 | Author(s): Rachel M. Schimitz, Brandon Andrew Robinson, Jenniffer Tabler, Brett Welch, and Sidra Rafaqut. Journal: Society and Mental Health. Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869319847248 | Author(s): Melanie Ward,Amy J. Schulz,Barbara A. Israel, Kristina Rice, Sheena E. Martenies, and Evan Markarian. Journal: Evaluation and Program Planning. Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.04.014 | |
| Article Title and Year Published | Title: The need to monitor actions on the social determinants of health. Year Published: 2017 | Title: How Marginalized Young People Access, Engage With, and Navigate Health-Care Systems in the Digital Age: Systematic Review. Year Published: 2018 | Title: LGBTQ+ Latino/a Young People’s Interpretations of Stigma and Mental Health: An Intersectional Minority Stress Perspective. Year Published: 2019 | Title: A conceptual framework for evaluating health equity promotion within community-based participatory research partnerships. Year Published: 2018 | |
| Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative), and Purposes/Aim of Study | Purpose: The goal of this study was to determine the role of intersectoral actions in addressing social determinant of health. Hypothesis: The intersectoral actions are crucial in enabling the health sector to achieve its sustainable development goals (SDGs) of promoting the health and wellbeing of all regardless of their age. | Purpose: The purpose of the study was to explore the way marginalized young person’s access health services and engage with them in high-income nations. | Aim: The aim of this study was to examine how perceived stigma leads to mental health inequalities experienced by various marginalized individuals in societies that condone stigmatizing frameworks. Hypothesis: Young lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and/or queer (LGBTQ) of color face discrimination and social prejudice. | Aim: The aim of the study was to recommend a synergistic framework that integrates the contributions of both community-based participatory research (CBPR) and Health Impact Assessments (HIAs) in addressing various health inequalities. | |
| Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative) | Mixed (quantitative and qualitative). | Mixed, quantitative and qualitative. | Qualitative. | Mixed (quantitative and qualitative). | |
| Setting/Sample | Setting: Based on evaluation of social determinants of health indicators in New Zealand, Norway, and Ecuador. | Setting: Literature with information on marginalized young persons of high-income countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Portugal, and Newsland). Sample: Out of the 1,796 articles considered for the study, only 68 were selected for inclusion. | Setting: The study was carried out among young Latino LGBTQ of Rio Grande Valley, in the United State. Sample: A total of 41 respondents participated in the study. | Not specified. | |
| Methods: Intervention/Instruments | An action monitoring of multisectoral databases and indicator sets was conducted. | A systematic review of literature was carried out. | The researchers conducted in-depth interview with the respondents. | Review of various pieces of literature that contain information on health equity. | |
| Analysis | The researchers monitored health inequalities and the associated actions using the social determinant of health. | Initially, articles were screened based on their relevance and abstracts. The studies that made it to the final list focused on marginalized young persons in the selected nations. | Intersectional framework of minority stress was used to study how young persons conceptualize the issue of stigma, and their social locations or status and mental health. | The researchers evaluated health equity promotion strategies using CBPR partnerships. | |
| Key Findings | From the study, it was established that there is need to monitor intersectoral actions pertaining to social determinant of health. This can enable the health care sector to determine what can be done to improve the delivery of healthcare services. | The results of the study showed that marginalized young people face more challenges in accessing and engaging healthcare services compared to other young people. These include inability to understand various health problems, poor health seeking behaviors, and poor service environments. | From the findings of the current study, it was shown that young LGBTQ encounter structural racism, religious messages, and anti- LGBTQ messages in regard to their own mental health. | The researchers found that integration of health equity dimensions from HIA and CBPR can help to promote improved equity outcomes. | |
| Recommendations | Based on the findings of their study, the researchers recommended that monitoring of the social determinant of human health requires one to select indicators in a sensible manner that involves various intervention groups. | The researchers recommend that in the future, studies should focus on the role of technology in enhancing health system access, engagement, and navigation among marginalized populations. | The researchers used the findings of their study to recommend that intersectional minority stress framework is a useful tool that can be used to document processes that promote inequalities pertaining to mental health. | It was recommended tat there is need to use specific indicators in assessing the effectiveness of partnership in addressing the issue of health equity. | |
| Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone Project | The current study is supportive to the capstone project since it shows that promoting the health outcomes of marginalized groups involves addressing the various social determinant of their health. | This study is important for the project since it contains useful information on barriers that prevent young persons in marginalized communities from accessing health services, and engaging with them in a meaningful way. | The study is very important to the project because it provides useful and relevant information on the health challenges that face marginalized people such as LGBTQ. | This study is useful for the capstone project in that it demonstrates the importance of partnering with various stakeholders to promote health equity among the marginalized populations. |
References:
Baah, F. O., Teitelman, A. M., & Riegel, B. (2019). Marginalization: Conceptualizing patient vulnerabilities in the framework of social determinants of health – An integrative review. Nurs Inq., 26 (1): e12268. doi: 10.1111/nin.12268.
Braveman, P., Arkin, E., Orleans, T., Proctor, D., Acker, J., & Plough, A. (2018). What is health equity? Behavioral Science & Policy, 4 (1): 1-14. doi:10.1353/bsp.2018.0000.
Lopez III, L., Hart, L. H., & Katz, M. H. (2021). Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities Related to COVID-19. JAMA, 325 (8):719-720. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.26443
O’Donnell, P., Tierney, E., O’Carroll, A., Nurse, D., & MacFarlane, A. (2016). Exploring levers and barriers to accessing primary care for marginalised groups and identifying their priorities for primary care provision: a participatory learning and action research study. Int J Equity Health, 15 (197). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0487-5
Pega, F., Valentine, N. B., Rasanathan, K., Hosseinpoor, A. R., Torgersen, T. P., Ramanathan, V., Posayanonda, T., Röbbel, N., Kalboussi, Y., Rehkopf, D. H., Dora, C., Montesinos, E., & Neira, M. P. (2017). The need to monitor actions on the social determinants of health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 95 (11), 784–787. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.16.184622
Robards, F., Kang, M., Usherwood, T., & Sanci, L. (2018). How Marginalized Young People Access, Engage With, and Navigate Health-Care Systems in the Digital Age: Systematic Review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62 (4): 365-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.018
Schimitz, R. M., Robinson, B. A., Tabler, J., Welch, B., & Rafaqut, S. (2019). LGBTQ+ Latino/a Young People’s Interpretations of Stigma and Mental Health: An Intersectional Minority Stress Perspective. Society and Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869319847248
Ward, M., Schulz, A. J., Israel, B. A., Rice, K., Martenies, S. E., & Markarian, E. (2018). A conceptual framework for evaluating health equity promotion within community-based participatory research partnerships. Evaluation and Program Planning, 70: 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.04.014
